DIY Data Pipeline

If you’ve been wrangling multimodal data with custom Python scripts, DVC for versioning, Airflow for scheduling, and manual processing loops — this guide shows how Pixeltable replaces that plumbing with declarative tables.

Related use case: Data Wrangling for ML

Concept Mapping

Your DIY Stack	Pixeltable Equivalent
S3 buckets for media files	`pxt.Image`, `pxt.Video`, `pxt.Audio` columns — can still read from S3
DVC for data versioning	Built-in `history()`, `revert()`, `create_snapshot()`
Airflow / cron for scheduling	Computed columns — run automatically on insert
Custom scripts with OpenCV / PIL	`@pxt.udf` functions as computed columns
`cv2.VideoCapture()` + frame loops	`frame_iterator` via `create_view()`
Manual retry logic (`tenacity`)	Automatic retries with result caching
Embeddings as numpy / Parquet	`add_embedding_index()` with HNSW search
`torch.utils.data.Dataset` boilerplate	`to_pytorch_dataset()` — one line
Re-run pipeline when data changes	Incremental — only new rows are processed

Side by Side: Image Processing Pipeline

Process images: generate thumbnails, caption with an LLM, embed for search, version everything.

Custom Scripts
Pixeltable

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from openai import OpenAI
from pathlib import Path
import base64, time

client = OpenAI()

# Load metadata
image_dir = Path('dataset/images/')
df = pd.DataFrame([
    {'filename': f.name, 'path': str(f), 'category': 'unknown'}
    for f in image_dir.glob('*.jpg')
])

# Generate thumbnails (manual loop)
thumb_dir = Path('dataset/thumbnails/')
thumb_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
for idx, row in df.iterrows():
    img = Image.open(row['path'])
    img.thumbnail((256, 256))
    img.save(thumb_dir / row['filename'])
    df.at[idx, 'thumbnail'] = str(thumb_dir / row['filename'])

# Caption images (manual retry, one at a time)
def caption_image(path, max_retries=3):
    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
        b64 = base64.b64encode(f.read()).decode()
    for attempt in range(max_retries):
        try:
            resp = client.chat.completions.create(
                model='gpt-4o-mini',
                messages=[{'role': 'user', 'content': [
                    {'type': 'text', 'text': 'Describe this image in one sentence.'},
                    {'type': 'image_url', 'image_url': {
                        'url': f'data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64}'}}
                ]}],
            )
            return resp.choices[0].message.content
        except Exception:
            if attempt < max_retries - 1:
                time.sleep(2 ** attempt)
            else:
                return None

df['caption'] = [caption_image(row['path']) for _, row in df.iterrows()]

# Generate embeddings (batch manually, store as numpy)
valid = df.dropna(subset=['caption'])
resp = client.embeddings.create(
    input=valid['caption'].tolist(), model='text-embedding-3-small')
np.save('dataset/embeddings.npy', [e.embedding for e in resp.data])

# Persist and version
df.to_csv('dataset/metadata.csv', index=False)
# Then: dvc add dataset/ && dvc push && git add && git commit

import pixeltable as pxt
from pixeltable.functions.openai import chat_completions, embeddings
from pathlib import Path

images = pxt.create_table('ml.images', {
    'image': pxt.Image, 'category': pxt.String})

images.add_computed_column(thumbnail=images.image.resize((256, 256)))

messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': [
    {'type': 'text', 'text': 'Describe this image in one sentence.'},
    {'type': 'image_url', 'image_url': images.image},
]}]
images.add_computed_column(response=chat_completions(
    messages=messages, model='gpt-4o-mini'))
images.add_computed_column(
    caption=images.response.choices[0].message.content)

images.add_embedding_index('caption',
    string_embed=embeddings.using(model='text-embedding-3-small'))

images.insert([{'image': str(f), 'category': 'unknown'}
    for f in Path('dataset/images/').glob('*.jpg')])

sim = images.caption.similarity(string='a dog playing in the park')
images.order_by(sim, asc=False).limit(5) \
    .select(images.image, images.caption).collect()

What Changes

	Custom Scripts	Pixeltable
New images	Re-run the entire pipeline	`images.insert([...])` — everything downstream runs
Change model	Re-run everything; DVC tracks snapshots, not transforms	Drop and re-add the column — only that column recomputes
Versioning	`dvc add` + `git commit` ceremony	Automatic — `images.history()`, `pxt.create_snapshot()`
Scheduling	Airflow, cron, or manual re-runs	Not needed — computed columns run on insert
Retries	`try/except` with backoff in every function	Built-in; successful results are cached
Search	Brute-force numpy, or set up a vector DB	`add_embedding_index()` with HNSW
PyTorch export	Custom `Dataset` class	`images.to_pytorch_dataset()`

Common Patterns

Video frame extraction

OpenCV
Pixeltable

import cv2
from PIL import Image

cap = cv2.VideoCapture('demo.mp4')
fps = cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)
frames, idx = [], 0
while cap.isOpened():
    ret, frame = cap.read()
    if not ret:
        break
    if idx % int(fps) == 0:
        frames.append(Image.fromarray(
            cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)))
    idx += 1
cap.release()

from pixeltable.functions.video import frame_iterator

videos = pxt.create_table('ml.videos', {'video': pxt.Video})
frames = pxt.create_view('ml.frames', videos,
    iterator=frame_iterator(videos.video, fps=1))

videos.insert([{'video': 'demo.mp4'}])
frames.select(frames.frame).head(10)

Data versioning

DVC
Pixeltable

dvc add dataset/
git add dataset.dvc .gitignore
git commit -m "update dataset v3"
dvc push

# Revert
git checkout HEAD~1 -- dataset.dvc
dvc checkout

images.history()
pxt.create_snapshot('ml.images_before_relabeling', images)
images.revert()

PyTorch export

Custom Dataset
Pixeltable

from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader
from torchvision import transforms

class ImageDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, df, transform=None):
        self.df = df.reset_index(drop=True)
        self.transform = transform
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.df)
    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        img = Image.open(self.df.at[idx, 'path'])
        if self.transform:
            img = self.transform(img)
        return img, self.df.at[idx, 'category']

loader = DataLoader(ImageDataset(df, transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize((224, 224)), transforms.ToTensor()])),
    batch_size=32)

from torch.utils.data import DataLoader

ds = images.select(images.image, images.category) \
    .to_pytorch_dataset()
loader = DataLoader(ds, batch_size=32)

Next Steps

Data Wrangling for ML

Full use case walkthrough

Extract Video Frames

Frame extraction with FPS control

Export to PyTorch

Convert tables to DataLoaders

Cloud Storage

S3, GCS, Azure, R2, Tigris

Welcome to Pixeltable

Core Concepts

How-To

Concept Mapping

Side by Side: Image Processing Pipeline

What Changes

Common Patterns

Video frame extraction

Data versioning

PyTorch export

Next Steps

Data Wrangling for ML

Extract Video Frames

Export to PyTorch

Cloud Storage

Welcome to Pixeltable

Core Concepts

How-To

Documentation Index

​Concept Mapping

​Side by Side: Image Processing Pipeline

​What Changes

​Common Patterns

​Video frame extraction

​Data versioning

​PyTorch export

​Next Steps

Data Wrangling for ML

Extract Video Frames

Export to PyTorch

Cloud Storage

Concept Mapping

Side by Side: Image Processing Pipeline

What Changes

Common Patterns

Video frame extraction

Data versioning

PyTorch export

Next Steps